Extension and advisory services (EAS) by private and public extension services providers (ESPs) can elp improve food security, income generation, poverty alleviation and development. These services articularly benefit smallholder subsistence farmers.  This study explores EAS approaches employed by the private and public sectors and their impacts on ustainable agricultural development among smallholders. 

The survey covered five out of the eight provinces in Kenya. The smallholder farmers and ESPs epresented 86 percent and 90 percent, respectively, of the target respondents. The study covered armers who had been involved in production and marketing for over 10 years and ESPs who had  orked with smallholder farmers for more than two years. The National Agricultural Sector Extension olicy (NASEP) set the guidelines for the survey.